Elon Musk's Neuralink is an Absolute Disaster, Neuralink former employees say
Elon Musk has always said that Neuralink, the company he created in 2016 to build brain-computer interfaces, would do amazing things: Eventually, he says, it aims to allow humans to interact seamlessly with advanced artificial intelligence through thought alone. Along the way, it would help to cure people with spinal cord injuries and brain disorders ranging from Parkinson’s to schizophrenia.
Now the company is approaching a key test: a human clinical trial of its brain-computer interface (BCI). In December, Musk told a conference audience that “we hope to have this in our first humans” in 2022. In January, the company posted a job listing for a clinical trial director, an indication that it may be on track to meet Musk’s suggested timeline.
But even as it approaches this milestone, the company has been plagued by internal turmoil, including the loss of key members of the company’s founding team, according to a half-dozen former employees interviewed by Fortune—in no small part because of the pressure-cooker culture Musk has created.
Most of these former employees requested anonymity, concerned about violating nondisclosure agreements and the possibility of drawing Musk’s ire. Musk and Neuralink did not respond to multiple requests for comment for this story.
Musk has put the startup under unrelenting pressure to meet unrealistic timelines, these former employees say. “There was this top-down dissatisfaction with the pace of progress even though we were moving at unprecedented speeds,” says one former member of Neuralink’s technical staff, who worked at the company in 2019. “Still Elon was not satisfied.” Multiple staffers say company policy, dictated by Musk, forbade employees from faulting outside suppliers or vendors for a delay; the person who managed that relationship had to take responsibility for missed deadlines, even those outside their control.
Employees were constantly anxious about angering Musk by not meeting his ambitious schedules, former employees said. “Everyone in that whole empire is just driven by fear,” another former employee says, referring to Musk’s businesses, including Neuralink. This culture of blame and fear, former employees said, contributed to a high rate of turnover. Of the eight scientists Musk brought in to help establish Neuralink with him, only two, Dongjin Seo and Paul Merolla, remain at the company.
Read the Fortune feature. Inside Neuralink, Elon Musk’s secretive startup: A culture of blame, impossible deadlines, and a missing CEO.
The pressure could be particularly problematic because of the multiple tough scientific and engineering challenges Neuralink was tackling. Tim Hanson, a scientist at the Janelia Research Campus that is part of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Ashburn, Va., was part of Neuralink’s founding team, working on its surgical robot as well as animal studies using brain-computer interfaces. “There’s this mismatch,” he says, between the speed at which engineering obstacles can be solved and the more deliberative pace of fundamental science. “Basic science is basically slow,” says Hanson, who left the company in 2018.
Engineers sometimes had to make decisions about issues such as electrode design before relevant data was available from scientific teams working on animal research. Animal research can take months and years; the engineers were under pressure to act in days and weeks. There were also delays caused by Neuralink’s need to fabricate custom-designed computer chips, one former employee said. Musk, meanwhile, wanted to move into human implantation as fast as possible.
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